International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Global promoting - Essay Example organizations, specifically, are progressively going worldwide to ease rivalry pressure in the local market and to investigate new market open doors for development. Pig meat is one of the rural items that are delivered in enormous amounts in the U.K. Measurements show that the creation of pig meat has been expanding each year in the nation. Lamentably, the creation seems to exceed the interest accessible thinking about that as a segment of the U.K. residents doesn't eat pork in light of social issues. As needs be, the low interest for pig meat has been influencing most ranchers adversely in light of the fact that it brings about misfortunes for ranchers as they are compelled to bring down their costs due to the low interest. In March 2015, the U.K pig meat creation totaled 69,300 tons, representing about 5% expansion contrasted with a similar March 2014 (Pig World 2015). The high creation of pig meat experienced lately has brought about a tremendous drop in costs. Subsequently, the most ideal approach to spare the U.K. pig ranchers is maybe to search for new market openings in the worldwide market where the interest for pig meat is high. China will be the correct objective market for the U.K. surplus pig meat. This is a result of the popularity for pork in China. Studies show that China is the universes driving buyer of pork, which represents more than three-quarter of the meat expended in the nation. As of now, every Chinese devour a normal of 84 pounds of pork consistently (Hoffman 2014). The high utilization of pork is credited to the way that pork is the meat of decision among Chinese individuals. Truth be told, pork utilization in China is anticipated to arrive at in excess of 70 million tons by 2017(Larsen 2012). In like manner, this makes China a rewarding business sector for development for U.K. pig ranchers. Taking into account that China is likewise the most crowded region on the planet with more than 1.3 billion individuals, who eat pork, this is positively a worthwhile pork advertise that must be abused by the U.K. pig meat makers who

Epistemology - Cognition Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Cognition Essay â€Å"I have discovered that such an item has consistently been gone to with such an impact, and I anticipate, that different articles, which are, in appearance, comparative, will be gone to with comparable effects†. This foresees with information, our general public might have the option to relate a specific perspective/detail with an item, yet that doesn't really mean it will consistently occur. In this manner, Hume, who begins as an empiricist, has come to the end result where an individual might not have information by any stretch of the imagination, of doubter question. This is investigated through the three epistemology questions, the procedure he did take, and what the peruser thinks on the issue. As indicated by Hume, with his procedure of thought with observation, thinks information is conceivable. He accepted that all data about the world comes through understanding. The substance of awareness are what he calls observations. [†¦] incorporate our unique encounters [impressions] [†¦] sense information [†¦] â€Å"internal† world made out of the substance of our mental encounters [†¦] additionally incorporate what he calls thoughts, or the substance of our recollections and creative mind. With this way to deal with whether information is conceivable, unmistakably he thoroughly considers information is conceivable experience; through genuine encounters, sense information, mental encounters and thoughts. It expresses that one doesn't have inborn thoughts with us, for example, our faculties or feelings, that an individual must encounter these activities first so as to perceive what they should be. On the off chance that one doesn't experience such activities, they are what he calls thoughts, â€Å"the duplicates of them [impressions]† (The Search for Knowledge 69). He likewise expresses that, â€Å"We can preclude any issue from claiming certainty without falling into a consistent inconsistency. The way that we feel sure about specific realities of the world is simply the aftereffect of our desires, which depend on past experience† (The Search for Knowledge 70). This hypothesis is called Hume’s Fork, where it is between the connection of a thought and a matter of a reality. This says society might make certain about our environmental factors, yet they are not sure. Thoughts don't reveal to us anything about the world, however just our considerations of what they might be, and matters of realities are information per state, yet are not constantly sure too. Fundamentally, it shows that one can't be sure of our general surroundings, as it might change. With the topic of the job of reason inside the chance of information, he accepts that, â€Å"We can pick up nothing about what lies outside the emotional substance found inside our encounters. † (The Search for Knowledge 71), along these lines reason can't be built up as the essential wellspring of information. He explains his prevailing upon the standard of enlistment and the consistency of nature. The rule of acceptance is essentially expecting that, for instance, since the sun has risen yesterday, it will rise today and rise tomorrow. Society makes the association that when an occasion happens more than once; one will accept that it will again occur. The consistency of nature is the place the conviction of the laws of nature will keep on beginning, along these lines it ought to be as yet starting in days to come. Another way he conveys this announcement is through the hypothesis of being continually conjoined. He expresses that, â€Å"Causes and impacts are particular events† (The Search for Knowledge 73). It tends to be said that when do an activity, there is an equivalent outcome that follows. On the off chance that you take the case of where you light up a flame with a match, and afterward contact the fire, you experience a consuming sensation where you have contacted said fire. On the off chance that one rehashes this procedure, one arrives at the resolution that since this has occurred before, it will doubtlessly be the equivalent or comparable later on. With the third epistemology question of whether the truth is spoken to as it truly seems to be, he announces that, â€Å"The just assurance we can have concerns the connections of our thoughts. Yet, since these decisions concern just the domain of thoughts, they don't enlighten us regarding the outer world† (The Search for Knowledge 78). Subsequently, one can establish that reality can't be spoken to as it truly is because of the way that one can't increase any information from the outside world from our thoughts. Consequently, on the planet, an individual may encounter articles, for example, work areas, yet this individual is dubious in the event that they are associated with an outside world. Hume raises that, â€Å"Impressions are consistently information that are inward [†¦] subsequently; we have no information about what is external† (The Search for Knowledge 75). It explains his thinking that society accepts that they live in an outside world, or that there might be one, yet one doesn't have adequate clarification with regards to why this is valid. Too, an individual should likewise scrutinize the reality of oneself. Hume certifies that, â€Å"If everything we can know are tangible impressions or our inward mental states, at that point we can never encounter the self† (The Search for Knowledge 76). In view of this, individuals are sure that they can't encounter a self since it's anything but a genuine encounter, for example, a shading, which can be experienced. There is no establishment for encountering oneself, as the sum total of what one has are convictions, suspicions and thoughts, which are rarely sure. In a couple of words, Hume is determining that as an individual, one can't step outside our bodies to see ourselves; that an individual can just accept that there is a self. Returning to where information is conceivable, to start with, Hume believes information is conceivable with observations and impressions. With his manner of thinking, the peruser can confirm that he has advanced from the perspective of experimentation to cynic uncertainty and doubt, addressing if society has information by any means. He accepts that in the beginning, society has information through what he calls discernments; which comprises of the faculties, the memory and the mental states. By and large, society must have encounters on the off chance that it has built up these wellsprings of information. This thus presumes an individual can have information through experience. Since Hume accepts this is the main information an individual can have, he goes to the acknowledgment where, â€Å"If all we know are the substance of experience, how might we know anything about what lies outside our experience? † (The Search for Knowledge 70-71). This communicates one can't have information, since the establishment he has set is just for our inner considerations. From this, he depicts his perspective of cynic question through causal relations and information outwardly world and self. This explains an individual can think something will consistently occur yet is rarely sure (causal), and expressing that they can't step outside the world they have made to perceive what will occur outside of such (outer world and self). The peruser must have an appraisal on the matter of Hume’s induction and his procedure towards cynic question. Managing Hume’s induction, I accept that his manner of thinking is exceptionally ambiguous and has different questions of its own. The possibility of recognitions can't be information in any case, since it is the thing that we have and think, however doesn't really mean others in the public arena think this equivalent route too. Consequently, he has just driven himself into wariness, since he can't clarify altogether why this is information. What he clarifies as understanding, which is the place we get this information, is inadmissible in light of the fact that the experience he says is for the most part thinking, for example, sense information and mental states. Hence, his manner of thinking at the outset can likewise be mistaken for logic, since the majority of what he verbalizes is information that must be found through thinking and not experience. Taking a gander at his movement towards distrust, he accepts that we can't have information since all that we have is our inside world to put together our convictions with respect to. It is indicated that through the standard of enlistment and the consistency of nature, we will have the reoccurring believed that, â€Å"The future will resemble the past† (The Search for Knowledge 71). In view of this essential, we are naturally accepting each occasion that occurs in our lives will occur or not occur once more, as a result of past encounters. With this measure of data, it isn't sufficiently adequate to state that we generally be sure it will again occur. Everything returns to the way that since we just have our reality to encounter, and since its absolutely impossible to step outside and take a gander at the outer world or oneself, we are never sure of anything. Henceforth, we have no information at all since information is named valid, legitimized conviction and our thoughts and contemplations are most certainly not. This is a solid case, and subsequently, I accept with his insight towards distrust, yet I don't really have confidence in doubt. Without question, Hume has responded to the three epistemological inquiries with extremely solid focuses; first as an empiricist, who at that point prompts a doubter. Generally speaking, the assessment of the peruser is fulfilled, in light of the fact that despite the fact that Hume has an extremely suspicious manner of thinking of experimentation with the possibility of discernments and thoughts, he at that point separates his hypothesis with the way this purported information is the main wellspring of information an individual can have, along these lines it isn't information. Information merits nothing except if you can rehearse it.

Stop Procrastinating and Write Your College Essay Now

Stop Procrastinating and Write Your College Essay Now 5 Ways to Stop Procrastinating and Write Your College Admissions Essay 5 Ways to Stop Procrastinating and Write Your College Admissions Essay Procrastinators, you know who you are. You’re the ones who waited until December to start your college essays and spent 15 minutes frantically scouring the internet before you landed on this post. You have a month (maybe less) before the deadlines start to hit and you don’t know where to start. First, just take a breath. You can get this done. Just remember the wise words of Calvin and Hobbes author Bill Watterson, “You cant just turn on creativity like a faucet. You have to be in the right mood. What mood is that? Last-minute panic.” Sorry sorry, stop panicking. The first part of the quote is just as true as the second. Some of the most successful creative people were also terrible procrastinators because procrastination is also a way of thinking (so says Aaron Sorkin). Perfectionists (like Steve Jobs!) also procrastinate to delay the messy process of drafting. In other words, being a procrastinator doesn’t make you a bad person or an incompetent student. Still, the word does need to get done eventually, and you’ve officially entered the final time crunch. So, how are you going to get it all done? We’ve made a crash course just for people like you, and in about five steps, you’ll be well on your way to college essay success. 1.  Forgive yourself. Guilt and self-blame are only going to slow you down, so take a deep breath and let go of any regret you may feel. You can’t control the past, but you can control how you tackle the coming weeks. You are still in the race and you have time to catch up if you buckle down and make time to write. 2. Look for overlap. We’ve said it before and we’ll say it again. The key to writing your supplemental essays is to find ways NOT to write. Compile a list of all of your supplemental essay prompts and group them by category. How many “why” essays do you have? How many activity essays? Chances are, you can start by writing one essay for each category (usually in response to the question with the longest word limit) and then simply trim and edit it to fit with several other prompts. Just don’t forget to swap in the correct school name! 3. Set a pace. It’s crunch time. You need to write every single day. So, schedule some non-negotiable writing time for yourself and set a schedule you can stick to. Give yourself deadlines for each essay and enlist someone to hold you accountable. Consider making a deal with your mom or guidance counselor: if you meet your self-imposed deadlines, they will help you proofread your final drafts. 4. Clear your schedule and turn off your phone. This is not a punishment, we swear. When you get down to the wire like this, though, you need to create a distraction-free environment for yourself. No, you don’t have to lock yourself in an airtight container, but you do need to make sure that your writing time is uncompromisable. Sometimes that means staying in when your friends are going out. The time to focus is now. 5. Take care of yourself. You have an intense few weeks ahead of you, but that doesn’t mean you should skip meals or stop sleeping. In fact, it’s more important than ever for you to take care of yourself. Make sure you are well-fed and well-rested so that you have the mental energy to really focus on writing essays that truly reflect who you are (and not just the person you become during the last-minute panic). Most of all, remember that you can do this and you will end up at the school that is right for you. About Rebecca SemenetzView all posts by Rebecca Semenetz »

Tips for Teaching Vocabulary to Students with Dyslexia

Building reading vocabulary is a challenge for students with dyslexia, who have a hard time learning new words in print and in word recognition. They often have a discrepancy between their spoken vocabulary, which may be strong, and their reading vocabulary. Typical vocabulary lessons may include writing a word sometimes 10 times, looking it up in a dictionary and writing a sentence with the word. All of these passive approaches to vocabulary will not by themselves help students with dyslexia very much. Multisensory approaches to learning have been found effective in teaching children with dyslexia and there are many ways this can be applied to teaching. The following list provides tips and suggestions for teaching vocabulary to students with dyslexia. Assign each student one or two vocabulary words. Depending on the number of students in the class and the number of vocabulary words, there may be several children with the same word. During class or for homework, students must come up with a way of presenting the word to the class. For example, a student could write a list of synonyms, draw a picture to represent the word, write a sentence using the word or the write the word in different colors on a large paper. Each student comes up with their own way to explain and present the word to the class. All the students with one word stand up and present their word, giving the class a multi-dimensional view of the word and its meaning. Begin with multisensory information on each vocabulary word. Use pictures or demonstrations to help the students see the meaning of a word as each word is presented. Later, as the students are reading, they can recall the illustration or the demonstration to help remember what the word means. Create a word bank where vocabulary words can have a permanent home in the classroom. When words are seen often, students are more likely to remember them and use them in their writing and speech. You can also create customized flash cards for each student to practice vocabulary words. Talk about synonyms and how these words are both the same and different than the vocabulary words. For example, if your vocabulary word is terrified, a synonym might be frightened. Explain how terrified and frightened both mean you are scared of something but that being terrified is being very frightened. Have students demonstrate the varying degrees of being scared to make the lesson more interactive. Play charades. This is a great way to review vocabulary words. Write each vocabulary word on a paper and place in a hat or jar. Each student draws one paper and acts out the word. Give points when a student uses a vocabulary word while talking. You can also give points if a student notices someone, in or out of school, use a vocabulary word. If outside of the class, the student must write down where and when they heard the word and who said it in their conversation. Include vocabulary words in your classroom discussions. If you keep a word bank in the classroom, continue to review it so you can use these words when teaching to the whole class or when speaking individually with a student. Create a classroom story with the vocabulary words. Write each word on a piece of paper and have each student pick out one word. Start a story off with one sentence and have students take turns adding a sentence to the story, using their vocabulary word. Have students choose vocabulary words. When beginning a new story or book, have students glance through the story to find words they are unfamiliar with and write them down. Once you have collected the lists, you can compare to see which words turned up most frequently to create a custom vocabulary lesson for your class. Students will have more motivation to learn words if they help to pick out the words.Use multisensory activities when learning new words. Have students write the word using sand, finger paint or pudding paint. Have them trace the word with their fingers, say the word out loud, listen as you say the word, draw a picture to represent the word and use it in a sentence. The more senses you include in your teaching and the more often you include and see vocabulary words, the more the students will remember the lesson.

The Study Methods Used Purposive Sampling And Qualitative...

The study methods included a mixed approach, using a multiphase convergent parallel design. Within this approach, data collection for both qualitative and quantitative data is collected simultaneously. Data is interpreted separately regarding the same research question, and determined whether both sets of data lead to similar conclusions (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). While mixed methods approach to data collection may require additional time from the researcher, this approach is beneficial in many ways, including enhancing weaknesses in each type of design, such as a small focus group in qualitative studies. Additionally, if both sets of data draw similar conclusions, the strength of the findings is enhanced (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). For recruitment of the study, the researchers used purposive sampling. Purposive sampling consists of deliberately choosing participants for the purpose of the study. This could be those who represent a particular group of interest, or those who would cons ist of a diverse group (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). In this particular study, the purposive sampling is beneficial, as the participants are chosen based on their experience with the program. The participants of the study consisted of administrator involved in aboriginal teaching such as support staff and program instructors, in addition to the Aboriginal teacher candidates (ATC), who were the focus of the research study. While many recruitment strategies were employed, the recruitment of theShow MoreRelatedUsing Quantitative And Qualitative Research965 Words   |  4 PagesSampling Procedures According to Creswell (2015a) â€Å"sampling in mixed methods research refers to the procedures for selecting participants (and sites) in both quantitative and qualitative research and to the sampling strategies employed with each of the designs† (p. 75). Creswell defines sampling procedure in mixed methods in relation to two central issues which are: 1) how to select a valid sample size for both quantitative and qualitative research designs in relation to the research questionRead MoreThe Real Estate Development And Other Investment Multipronged Implication1293 Words   |  6 Pagesbe employed for the study that focused on the real estate development and other investment multipronged implication to the sustenance of rural livelihood analysis of Dukem town. 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These are quantitative, qualitative or mixed approachesRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5213 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readings at the end of the moduleRead MoreChapter Three. 3-Research Methodology . The Chapter Contains1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmethodology which will be employee for the study that focuses on the real estate development and other investment multipronged implication to the sustenance of rural livelihood analysis of Dukem town. To do the study, the researcher design the descriptive approach which entirely focuses on both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect primary as well as secondary data using interviews, questionnaire, FGD, observation and photographs. 3.1-Research Design A qualitative research approach, supplement with

Physical Disorders and Health Psychology Free Essays

string(10122) " being gay by one third †¢Gender identity disorder oa persons physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity tapper in a body of the wrong sex otranssexualism odifferent from transvestic fetishism- sexually aroused by wearing clothing of opposite sex odifferent from intersex individuals- hermaphrodites, born with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal or physical abnormalities oautogynephilia- when gender identity disorder begins with strong sexual attraction to fantasy of oneself as a female, then progresses to becoming a woman ogenetic component suspected †¢gender nonconformity oboys behaving femininely or females behaving masculinely †¢sex reassignment surgery controversial to directly alter gender identity to match physical anatomy oin order to qualify, must live in opposite sex role for 1-2 yrs to be sure omust be stable psychologically, financially, socially ogynecomastia- growth of breasts †¢intersex individuals- born w/ physical cha ractersitics of both sexes o5 sexes: †¢males †¢females †¢herms †¢merms- more male than female but have some femal genitalia †¢ferms- ovaries but possess some male genitalia †¢Sexual dysfunction oinability to become aroused or reach orgasm o3 stages of sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, orgasm opremature ejaculation vaginismus- painful contractions in vagina during attempted penetration olifelong or acquired ogeneralized or situational odue to psych factors or medical condition †¢Hypoactive sexual desire disorder olittle or no interest in any type of sexual activity †¢sexual aversion disorder othought of sex or brief casual touch may evoke fear, panic or disgust †¢male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder oproblem is not desire, problem is physically becoming aroused †¢inhibited orgasm oinability to achieve orgasm despite adequate desire and arousal \(common in women\) ofemale orgasmic disorder- difficulty reachin g orgasm retarded ejaculation- cumming delayed oretrograde ejaculation- shoot back into bladder rather than forward †¢premature ejaculation- more common, 20% of males †¢sexual pain disorders odesire, arousal, orgasm present opain so severe that behavior disrupted odyspareunia- no medical reason found for pain †¢vaginismus- pelvic muscles in outer third of vagina involuntarily spasm oripping, burning, tearing sensations during sex †¢Assessing Sexual behavior o\(1\) interviews- and questionnaires o\(2\) thorough medical eval- rule out medical conditions o\(3\) psychophysiological assessment penile strain gauge- picks up changes as penis expands †¢vaginal photoplethysmograph- measures light reflected from vaginal walls †¢Causes of sexual disorders obiological contributions †¢nuerological diseases †¢diabetes †¢arterial insufficiency- constricted arteries †¢venous leakage- blood flows out too quickly for a good boner †¢prescription d rugs \?anti-hypertensive medications for high blood pressure \?antidepressants \?SSRIs mess w/ arousal and desire †¢elicit drugs- cocaine †¢cigarettes opsych contributions †¢anxiety- can increase or decrease desire †¢distraction men who are dysfunctional report less sexual arousal †¢inducing positive or negative mood directly affects arousal †¢performance anxiety, 3 parts: \?arousal, cognitive processes, negative affect †¢erotophobia- negative cognitive set about sexuality, viewed as negative or threating \? learned early in childhood from families, religious authorities \? early sexual trauma, rape victims †¢script theory- we all operate by following â€Å"scripts† that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior †¢sexual myths/ misperceptions †¢Treatment for sexual dysfunction education is very effective, dispel myths and ignorance about sexual response cycle otherapy, increase communication b/t dysfuncti onal partners osensate focus and nondemand pleasuring- exploring and enjoying each others bodies thru touching, kissing, hugging, massaging †¢1st phase no genitals or boobs †¢2nd phase genitals but no sex or orgasm †¢3rd sex once aroused osqueeze technique- squeezing tip of penis to reduce arousal and gain control over ejaculation omasturbation training and porn! omedical treatments †¢oral medication \(Viagra\) †¢injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis\? †¢surgery †¢vacuum device therapy †¢Paraphilia if exists, individuals normally exhibit multiple paraphillic patterns oassociated w/ deficiencies in consensual adult sexual arousal, social skills, sexual fantasies †¢frotteurism orubbing against someone in a crowded public place until point of ejaculation †¢festishism operson sexually attracted to nonliving objects o\(1\) inanimate object o\(2\) source of specific tactile stimulation†¦ rubber o\(3\) body partâ⠂¬ ¦ foot †¢voyeurism obeing aroused by observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked †¢exhibitionism osexual gratification from exposing genitals to strangers orisk \+ anxiety can increase arousal oassociated w/ lower levels of edu transvestic fetishism osexual arousal from cross-dressing †¢sexual sadism oinflicting pain or humiliation †¢sexual masochism osuffering pain or humiliation †¢hypoxiphilia- oself strangulation to reduce flow of oxygen to brain to enhance orgasm †¢pedophilia osexual attraction to kids oincest when own family †¢Psychological treatment ocovert sensitization- carried out in imagination of patient, associate sexually arousing images w/ reasons why behavior is harmful or dangerous †¢orgasmic reconditioning opatients instructed to masturbate to usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation †¢Drug treatments â€Å"chemical castration†- eliminates sexual desire \+ fantasy by greatly reducing testosterone levels ocyproterone acetate \+ medroxyprogesterone ouseful for dangerous sexual offenders who do not respond to alternative treatmens Chapter 11: Substance-related and Impulse-control disorders †¢impulse control disorders- inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation osteal, gamble, set fires, pull out hair †¢polysubstance abuse- using multiple substances †¢substance use oingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not impair social, educational or occupational functioning †¢intoxication- getting high or drunk oimpairs judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability †¢substance abuse ohow much ingested is problematic †¢addiction- substance dependence ophysiologically dependent on the drug requires increasing amounts to experience same effect \(tolerance\) onegative physical response when substance no longer ingested \(withdrawal\) oNicotine is arguably most addictive drug in the world, more so th an meth! †¢5 substance categories o\(1\) depressants- sedation \+ relaxation†¦ alcohol o\(2\) stimulants- active \+ alert†¦ caffeine o\(3\) opiates- analgesia \+ euphoria†¦ morphine o\(4\) hallucinogens- alter sensory perception†¦ weed, LSD \(5\) other drugs- don’t fit neatly into categories†¦ steroids †¢Depressants odecrease central nervous system activity, reduce levels of physiological arousal omost likely to produce dependence, tolerance, withdrawal oalcohol †¢reduces inhibition, motor coordination, reaction time, judgement †¢esophagusstomachsmall intestinesbloodstreamheart \(\+other major organs\) liver †¢influences GABA receptors –anxiety †¢influences glutamate system- excitatory, memory, blackouts †¢withdrawal delirium- frightening hallucinations, body tremors †¢liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage †¢dementia- loss of intellectual abilities Wernicke-Korsakoff syn drome- loss of muscle coordination, confusion, unintelligible speech †¢fetal alcohol syndrome- when pregnant mothers drink, fetal growth retardation, behavior problems, learning difficulties, physical signs †¢alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that breaks down alcohol †¢3 million ppl dependent in US ostages of alcoholism †¢pre alcoholic- drinking occasionally, few consequences †¢prodromal stage- drinking heavily, outward signs of a problem †¢crucial stage- loss of control, binges †¢chronic stage- primary daily activities involve drinking odrinking at early age is predictive of later abuse alcohol linked to violent behavior oBarbiturates †¢sedatives, help ppl sleep †¢highly addictive †¢overdosing suicide †¢influence GABA obenzodiazepines †¢reduce anxiety †¢highly prescribed in US †¢alcohol amplifies effect oStimulants †¢most commonly used psychoactive drugs in US †¢amphetamine use disorders \?reduce appetite \ ?narcolepsy, ADHD, Ritalin \?stimulants illegally abused by college students†¦ no shit †¢crystal meth †¢MDMA- ecstasy ococaine use disorders †¢alertness, euphoria, increase blood pressure \+ pulse, insomnia, loss of appetite †¢paranoia, heart probs nicotine use disroders †¢withdrawal- depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, increased appetite †¢more prone to depression †¢Opioids oopiate natural chemicals in opium poppy have narcotic effect oâ€Å"downers† †¢Hallucinogens ochange sensory perception osight, sound, feelings, taste, smell omarijuana oLSD †¢Other drugs oSpecial K osteroids oPCP †¢Family and genetic influence †¢neurobiological influence opleasure pathway in brain mediates experience of reward odopamine- pleasure oGABA- inhibitory NT †¢Psych dimensions opositive reinforcement negative reinforcement- use drugs to cope/escape from bad feelings and difficult life circumstances oopponent-process theor y- an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa †¢cognitive factors oplacebo effect oexpectancy theory †¢social dimensions opeer pressure omarketing omoral weakness model of chemical dependence- drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation odisease model of dependence- drug dependence cause by an underlying physiological disorder †¢cultural factors oacculturation- adapt to new culture omachismo †¢neuroplasticity brains tendency to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ocontinued use of substance†¦\." Chapter 9: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology †¢psychosomatic medicine- psych factors affect physical function †¢behavioral medicine- applied to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems †¢health psychology- psych factors that are important to the maintenance and promotion of health opsych and social factors: †¢(1) affect biological processes †¢(2) long-standing behavior patterns put ppl at risk for certain disorders o50% of deaths from top 10 leading causes in US can be traced to lifestyle behaviors †¢poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)- Selye oalarm- response to immediate danger or threat oresistance- mobilize coping mechanisms to respond oexhaustion- body suffers permanent damage †¢chronic stress may cause permanent body damage and contribute to disease †¢stress= physiological response to stressor †¢HPA Axis ohypothalamus- pituitary gland- adrenal gland oimportant for stress ocortisol= stress hormone †¢baboon case study odominant males have less stressful lives due to predictability + controllability olower males experience stress from bullying, higher cortisol levels osense of control important stress, anxiety, depression related osimilar underlying physiological processes oself-efficacy: sense of control and confidence that one can cope with stress or challenges †¢stress can lead to decreased immune system functioning oincreased rates of infectious diseases, mono, colds, flu, †¢Immune system oeliminates antigens- foreign maerials, bacteria, viruses, parasites o2 main parts: †¢humoral B cells, antibodies neutralize antigens †¢cellular T cells, destroy viral infections + cancerous processes owhite blood cells do most of the work (leukocytes) microphages= first line of defense †¢autoimmune disease oimmune system overactive, attacks body cells †¢rheumatoid arthritis- too many suppressor T cells, body subject to invasion by antigens †¢HIV- human immunodeficiency virus ?AIDS-related complex first: minor health problems before AIDS diagnosis w. pneumonia, cancer, dementia, wasting syndrome†¦ ? treated w/ highly active antiretroviral therapy †¢reducing stress, social support, CBT help †¢psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) opsych influences on neurological responding implicated in immune response †¢Cancer psychoncology- psych influences in development of cancer otherapy can help treatment to reduce stress, improve mood, alter important health behaviors, supportive relationships †¢reduce cancer recurrence and dying †¢influence support + development of cancer oâ€Å"benefit finding†- deepening spirituality, changes in life priorities, closer ties to others, enhanced sense of purpose opsych procedures important to manage stress especially w/ children who undergo surgery †¢Cardiovascular problems ocompromise heart, blood vessels and control mechanisms cardiovascular d isease ostrokes ocerebral vascular accidents- temporary blockages of blood vessels to brain cause temporary/ permanent damage ohypertension- high blood pressure, risk factor for other heart probs †¢blood vessels constrict, heart works harder, pressure †¢essential hypertension- no verifiable physical cause †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"silent killer† †¢blacks more at risk than whites †¢genetic influences †¢anger + hostility increase blood pressure ocoronary heart disease †¢heart disease in #1 cause of death in western cultures †¢blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart muscle chest pain †¢plaque †¢deficiency of blood to a body part †¢heart attack- death of heart tissue when artery clogged †¢stress, anxiety, anger contribute (+lack of coping skills and low social support) †¢myocardial stunning- heart failure as a result of severe stress oType A behavior pattern †¢excessive competitive drive, sense of pressured for time, impat ience, high E, angry outbursts †¢at risk for CHD (although cultural diffs significant) oType B behavior pattern †¢more relaxed, less concerned about deadlines, seldom pressured, †¢Reserve capacity model associations among environments of low socioeconomic status, stressful experiences, psychosocial resources, emotions and cognitions increase risk for CHD †¢Pain oacute- follows an injury, disappears once injury heals ochronic- begins w/ acute episode but does not go away osubjective term pain vs. pain behaviors= manifestations of exp oemotional component= suffering oseverity of pain doesn’t predict reaction b/c of psych factors †¢Phantom limb pain oppl who have lost an arm or leg feel excruciating pain in the missing limb †¢operant control of pain pain behavior under control of social consequences oie critical family members may become sympathetic †¢gate control theory of pain onerve impulses from painful stimuli travel to spinal column then to brain odorsal horns of spinal column= gate osmall fibers open gate, large fibers close †¢brain inhibits pain oendogenous opiods- naturally exist within body endorphins oshut down pain, runner’s high after exercise, †¢men and women exp pain differently omen have stronger endogenous opiod systems owomen have additional pain-regulating mechanisms odiff areas more prone to pain Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) olack of E, fatigue, variety of aches and pains oneurasthenia- lack of nerve strength, old diagnosis oprevalent in western world and China †¢Pain can kill you†¦ oincreases rate at which certain cancers metastasize ocan weaken immune system response by reducing natural killer cells opain stressvicious cycle †¢Biofeedback omake patients aware of specific physiological functions that ordinarily not be consciously aware of †¢heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension in specific areas, electroencephalogram rhythms, patterns of blood flow †¢(1 ) conscious awareness (2) learn to control them oinstill sense of control over pain †¢progressive relaxation obecome acutely aware of tension, relax specific muscle groups †¢transcendental meditation ofocus attention on repeated syllable, or mantra †¢relaxation response- silently repeat mantra to minimize distraction by closing mind to intruding thoughts †¢Coping mechanisms oprescription drugs, reduced effectiveness over time odenial oimproved attitudes, realistic appraisals thru CBT †¢4 leading causes of death in Us oheart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease AIDS prevention ocontraception ochanging high-risk behavior is only effective prevention strategy †¢smoking is epidemic in china omyths: tobacco is symbol of personal freedom, important for social interactions, health effects can be controlled, important to economy, †¢Stanford Three Community Study o1 community- assessed risk factors for CHD and smoking o2 community- media blitz on ri sk factors o3 community- face to face interventions, most successful at reducing CHD risk factors Chapter 10: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders gender identity disorder- psych dissatisfaction w/ one’s biological sex, disturbance in identity †¢sexual dysfunction- difficult to function while having sex, ie no orgasm †¢paraphilia- arousal due to inappropriate objects/ individuals ophilia- strong attraction opara- abnormal †¢male female sex differences omen masturbate more and admit it ofemales associate sex w/ romance + intimacy rather than male physical gratification omen have diff attitude toward casual premarital sex omen show more sexual desire/arousal omen’s self-concept characterized more by power, independence, aggression owomen’s sex beliefs are more plastic/ changeable women emphasize relaitonships †¢sexual self schemas- core beliefs about sexuality †¢Cultural differences oSambia in Papua New Guinea †¢adolescent boys encour aged to engage in homosexual oral sex b/c semen valued†¦ wtf †¢Homosexuality omight run in families, genetic component? odifferential hormone exposure in utero ogreater probably of being left handed or ambidextrous olonger ring finger than index ofraternal birth order hypothesis- each additional older brother increased odds of being gay by one third †¢Gender identity disorder oa persons physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity tapper in a body of the wrong sex otranssexualism odifferent from transvestic fetishism- sexually aroused by wearing clothing of opposite sex odifferent from intersex individuals- hermaphrodites, born with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal or physical abnormalities oautogynephilia- when gender identity disorder begins with strong sexual attraction to fantasy of oneself as a female, then progresses to becoming a woman ogenetic component suspected †¢gender nonconformity oboys behaving femininely or females behaving masculi nely †¢sex reassignment surgery controversial to directly alter gender identity to match physical anatomy oin order to qualify, must live in opposite sex role for 1-2 yrs to be sure omust be stable psychologically, financially, socially ogynecomastia- growth of breasts †¢intersex individuals- born w/ physical charactersitics of both sexes o5 sexes: †¢males †¢females †¢herms †¢merms- more male than female but have some femal genitalia †¢ferms- ovaries but possess some male genitalia †¢Sexual dysfunction oinability to become aroused or reach orgasm o3 stages of sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, orgasm opremature ejaculation vaginismus- painful contractions in vagina during attempted penetration olifelong or acquired ogeneralized or situational odue to psych factors or medical condition †¢Hypoactive sexual desire disorder olittle or no interest in any type of sexual activity †¢sexual aversion disorder othought of sex or brief casu al touch may evoke fear, panic or disgust †¢male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder oproblem is not desire, problem is physically becoming aroused †¢inhibited orgasm oinability to achieve orgasm despite adequate desire and arousal (common in women) ofemale orgasmic disorder- difficulty reaching orgasm retarded ejaculation- cumming delayed oretrograde ejaculation- shoot back into bladder rather than forward †¢premature ejaculation- more common, 20% of males †¢sexual pain disorders odesire, arousal, orgasm present opain so severe that behavior disrupted odyspareunia- no medical reason found for pain †¢vaginismus- pelvic muscles in outer third of vagina involuntarily spasm oripping, burning, tearing sensations during sex †¢Assessing Sexual behavior o(1) interviews- and questionnaires o(2) thorough medical eval- rule out medical conditions o(3) psychophysiological assessment penile strain gauge- picks up changes as penis expands †¢vag inal photoplethysmograph- measures light reflected from vaginal walls †¢Causes of sexual disorders obiological contributions †¢nuerological diseases †¢diabetes †¢arterial insufficiency- constricted arteries †¢venous leakage- blood flows out too quickly for a good boner †¢prescription drugs ?anti-hypertensive medications for high blood pressure ?antidepressants ?SSRIs mess w/ arousal and desire †¢elicit drugs- cocaine †¢cigarettes opsych contributions †¢anxiety- can increase or decrease desire †¢distraction men who are dysfunctional report less sexual arousal †¢inducing positive or negative mood directly affects arousal †¢performance anxiety, 3 parts: ?arousal, cognitive processes, negative affect †¢erotophobia- negative cognitive set about sexuality, viewed as negative or threating ? learned early in childhood from families, religious authorities ? early sexual trauma, rape victims †¢script theory- we all operate by following â€Å"scripts† that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior †¢sexual myths/ misperceptions †¢Treatment for sexual dysfunction education is very effective, dispel myths and ignorance about sexual response cycle otherapy, increase communication b/t dysfunctional partners osensate focus and nondemand pleasuring- exploring and enjoying each others bodies thru touching, kissing, hugging, massaging †¢1st phase no genitals or boobs †¢2nd phase genitals but no sex or orgasm †¢3rd sex once aroused osqueeze technique- squeezing tip of penis to reduce arousal and gain control over ejaculation omasturbation training and porn! omedical treatments †¢oral medication (Viagra) †¢injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis? †¢surgery †¢vacuum device therapy †¢Paraphilia if exists, individuals normally exhibit multiple paraphillic patterns oassociated w/ deficiencies in consensual adult sexual arousal, social skills, sexual fantasies †¢frotteurism orubbing against someone in a crowded public place until point of ejaculation †¢festishism operson sexually attracted to nonliving objects o(1) inanimate object o(2) source of specific tactile stimulation†¦ rubber o(3) body part†¦ foot †¢voyeurism obeing aroused by observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked †¢exhibitionism osexual gratification from exposing genitals to strangers orisk + anxiety can increase arousal oassociated w/ lower levels of edu transvestic fetishism osexual arousal from cross-dressing †¢sexual sadism oinflicting pain or humiliation †¢sexual masochism osuffering pain or humiliation †¢hypoxiphilia- oself strangulation to reduce flow of oxygen to brain to enhance orgasm †¢pedophilia osexual attraction to kids oincest when own family †¢Psychological treatment ocovert sensitization- carried out in imagination of patient, associate sexually arous ing images w/ reasons why behavior is harmful or dangerous †¢orgasmic reconditioning opatients instructed to masturbate to usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation †¢Drug treatments â€Å"chemical castration†- eliminates sexual desire + fantasy by greatly reducing testosterone levels ocyproterone acetate + medroxyprogesterone ouseful for dangerous sexual offenders who do not respond to alternative treatmens Chapter 11: Substance-related and Impulse-control disorders †¢impulse control disorders- inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation osteal, gamble, set fires, pull out hair †¢polysubstance abuse- using multiple substances †¢substance use oingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not impair social, educational or occupational functioning †¢intoxication- getting high or drunk oimpairs judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability †¢substance abuse ohow much ingested is pro blematic †¢addiction- substance dependence ophysiologically dependent on the drug requires increasing amounts to experience same effect (tolerance) onegative physical response when substance no longer ingested (withdrawal) oNicotine is arguably most addictive drug in the world, more so than meth! †¢5 substance categories o(1) depressants- sedation + relaxation†¦ alcohol o(2) stimulants- active + alert†¦ caffeine o(3) opiates- analgesia + euphoria†¦ morphine o(4) hallucinogens- alter sensory perception†¦ weed, LSD (5) other drugs- don’t fit neatly into categories†¦ steroids †¢Depressants odecrease central nervous system activity, reduce levels of physiological arousal omost likely to produce dependence, tolerance, withdrawal oalcohol †¢reduces inhibition, motor coordination, reaction time, judgement †¢esophagusstomachsmall intestinesbloodstreamheart (+other major organs) liver †¢influences GABA receptors –anxiety â € ¢influences glutamate system- excitatory, memory, blackouts †¢withdrawal delirium- frightening hallucinations, body tremors †¢liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage †¢dementia- loss of intellectual abilities Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- loss of muscle coordination, confusion, unintelligible speech †¢fetal alcohol syndrome- when pregnant mothers drink, fetal growth retardation, behavior problems, learning difficulties, physical signs †¢alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that breaks down alcohol †¢3 million ppl dependent in US ostages of alcoholism †¢pre alcoholic- drinking occasionally, few consequences †¢prodromal stage- drinking heavily, outward signs of a problem †¢crucial stage- loss of control, binges †¢chronic stage- primary daily activities involve drinking odrinking at early age is predictive of later abuse alcohol linked to violent behavior oBarbiturates †¢sedatives, help ppl sleep †¢high ly addictive †¢overdosing suicide †¢influence GABA obenzodiazepines †¢reduce anxiety †¢highly prescribed in US †¢alcohol amplifies effect oStimulants †¢most commonly used psychoactive drugs in US †¢amphetamine use disorders ?reduce appetite ?narcolepsy, ADHD, Ritalin ?stimulants illegally abused by college students†¦ no shit †¢crystal meth †¢MDMA- ecstasy ococaine use disorders †¢alertness, euphoria, increase blood pressure + pulse, insomnia, loss of appetite †¢paranoia, heart probs nicotine use disroders †¢withdrawal- depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, increased appetite †¢more prone to depression †¢Opioids oopiate natural chemicals in opium poppy have narcotic effect oâ€Å"downers† †¢Hallucinogens ochange sensory perception osight, sound, feelings, taste, smell omarijuana oLSD †¢Other drugs oSpecial K osteroids oPCP †¢Family and genetic influence †¢neurobiological influ ence opleasure pathway in brain mediates experience of reward odopamine- pleasure oGABA- inhibitory NT †¢Psych dimensions opositive reinforcement negative reinforcement- use drugs to cope/escape from bad feelings and difficult life circumstances oopponent-process theory- an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa †¢cognitive factors oplacebo effect oexpectancy theory †¢social dimensions opeer pressure omarketing omoral weakness model of chemical dependence- drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation odisease model of dependence- drug dependence cause by an underlying physiological disorder †¢cultural factors oacculturation- adapt to new culture omachismo †¢neuroplasticity brains tendency to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ocontinued use of substance†¦. You read "Physical Disorders and Health Psychology" in category "Essay examples" We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Disorders and Health Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now decreased desire for nondrug experiences †¢Treatment obiological †¢agonist substitution- take a safe drug that has a chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug ? methadone instead of heroin ?cross-tolerance: they act on same NTs †¢substitution ?nicotine gum instead of cigs †¢antagonist drugs- block or counteract effects of psychoactive drugs †¢aversive treatment- prescribe drugs that make ingesting abused substance extremely unpleasant opsychosocial †¢therapy †¢inpatient facilities †¢alcoholics anonymous- 12 steps †¢controlled use- controversial covert sensitization- negative associations by imagining unpleasant scenes †¢contingency management- decide on reinforces that will reward certain behaviors †¢community reinforcement approach †¢motivational interviewing- empathetic and optimistic counseling †¢CBT †¢relapse prevention †¢Impulse control disorders ointermittent explosive disorder- episodes where act o n aggressive impulses †¢serious assaults or destruction of property †¢influenced by NT levels okleptomania †¢recurrent failure to resist urge to steal things not needed for personal use or monetary value †¢high comorbidity with mood disorders opyromania †¢irresistible urge to set fires pathological gambling otrichotillomania †¢pulling out ones hair from anywhere on body oothers †¢compulsive shopping-oniomania †¢skin picking †¢self mutilation †¢computer addiction Chapter 12: Personality Disorders †¢personality disorders- enduring patterns of thinking about ones environment and self that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts oinflexible, maladaptive and cause significant impairment or distress ohigh comorbidity †¢Axis I= current disorder †¢Axis II= chronic problem †¢5 Factor model oextroversion- talkative + assertive vs passive and reserved oagree-ableness- kind trusting vs hostile selfish co nscientiousness- organized thorough, reliable oneuroticism- even tempered vs nervousness moody oopenness to experience- imaginative curious †¢Cluster A: odd or eccentric oparanoid oschizoid oschizotypal †¢Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic oantisocial (m)- irresponsible, reckless behavior oborderline (f) ohistrionic (f)- excessive emotionality and attention seeking onarcissistic †¢Cluster C: fearful, anxious oavoidant odependent oobsessive compulsive †¢Biases ocriterion gender bias- criteria biased oassessment gender bias- assessment measures biased How to cite Physical Disorders and Health Psychology, Essay examples

Repent Harlequin Essays - American Atheists, Harlan Ellison, Repent

Repent Harlequin "'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman," by Harlan Ellison illustrates a futuristic society governed by time. In 2389, when the story takes place, man has become so obsessed with punctuality, that if one does not posses this quality, he can be punished by death. Those who become heroes and strive to save the world from destruction by the clock become enemies by the world because they are non-conformists. This is the case for Everett C. Marm, or better known as the Harlequin, who tries in vain to transform the unacceptability of the regulations. Harlan Ellison introduces to us the idea of serving society in various forms. The reader sees that many in society have transformed into that which society believes. There are many ways in which people respond to society, some follow without question and others do what they feel is right, despite the consequences. Ellison uses specific examples of imagery, diction, and characterization to illustrate the importance of reform in society. Ellison used imagery to display the Harlequin's rebellion as well as the societies actions and thoughts. In illustrating the robot-like lives of his society, Ellison wrote, "He could hear the metronomic, left-right-left of the 2:47 shift, entering the Timkin roller-bearing plant in their sneakers... he heard the right-left-right of the 5:00 AM formation, going home." This quote shows the punctuality of the people, as well as the organization of the strict society they live. The shift was not 2:45, but rather exactly 2:47, not sooner or later. In addition, the workers that were arriving took steps "left-right-left" whereas the ones going home walked "right-left-right." This allegorizes exactly how over-organized society was. There was so much control over the people that they no longer did what they wanted to, or what they felt was right. They automatically did what law said to, forgetting their own feelings and opinions on whether or not the laws were morally correct. When Marshall Delahauty had received his "turn-off message," he tried to escape. As he ran away, "his heart stopped, and the blood dried up on its way to his brain, and he was dead that's all." This shows the reader the extreme control of the Ticktockman. He had the power to end the lives of people as he pleased. Not only that, we are shown the insignificance of these people in society, which is seen when the author wrote, "and he was dead that's all." His death is portrayed to be insignificant, which is shown by the use of imagery. Society was so brainwashed that they were dehumanized as well. They no longer cared or felt anything for another human being. They death of a relative was no longer important. Furthermore, when the Harlequin spilled jellybeans all over the city, the people saw it as the most horrible thing, which is apparent because of all the commotion that it caused. "Jelly beans! Millions and billions of purples and yellows and greens...round and smooth and crunchy outside and soft-mealy inside...bouncing jouncing tumbling clattering skittering fell on the heads and shoulders...entering a universe of sanity and metronomic order with quite-mad coocoo newsness." Ellison uses imagery to clearly give the reader a feeling of being in the story, viewing the jellybeans as they fall from the sky. It is an effective use because it shows what chaos the jellybeans brought upon the machine-like society. Ellison would not have been able to describe this society without the use of imagery, because it appeals to the senses and allows the reader to picture exactly what is going on in the story with their vision, taste, as well as their smell. The use of imagery shows that the people viewed everything that was different from their daily monotonous lives as horrible. Ellison is showing us that we refrain from conforming because without reforms, no progress would be made in life. Diction is a tool used to show how society functioned as well of what kinds of people were included within it. In order to keep track of the populace and control the amount of life one was allowed, each person had their set of a "time-card and cardioplate." These were futuristic inventions that signify the control that the Ticktockman had over his people. In addition, many futuristic terms were used to illustrate how society functioned. From "slidewalks" to "coffee-bulbs" to "fax boxes," Ellison shows the manner in which society was managed. Furthermore, Ellison used diction to show the importance of time in the Ticktockman's society. An example is when the workers were climbing to their construction platforms "releasing